Direct melt processing of resins

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an animal chew including a resin and a method of direct injection molding the animal chew using a modified screw. The screw may incorporate, for example, additional flights or a larger transition zone. The formed resin may exhibit voids of about 1-100 μm in diameter.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.11/251,261, filed Oct. 14, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/198,881 filed Aug. 5, 2005.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to the formation of an animal chewcomposition. More particularly, the present invention is directed atdirect injection molding of resins using a modified screw design toprovide a ductile animal chew.

BACKGROUND

Numerous disclosures exist pertaining to the development of edible dogchews that are digestible and/or nutritious along with a texture thatcan be individually adjusted to suit a wide variety of a dog'spreferences or needs. Attention is therefore directed to the followingexemplary disclosures: U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,161 “Heat Modifiable EdibleDog Chew”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,516 “Method of Molding Edible Starch”;U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,978 “Edible Dog Chew”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,521“Wheat and Casein Dog Chew with Modifiable Texture”; U.S. Pat. No.6,093,441 “Heat Modifiable Peanut Dog Chew”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,427“Vegetable Based Dog Chew”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,940 “High Starch ContentDog Chew”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,067,941 “Animal Chew”; U.S. Pat. No.6,056,991 “Turkey and Rice Dog Chew With Modifiable Texture”; U.S. Pat.No. 5,941,197 “Carrot Based Dog Chew”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,565 “Processfor Making an Edible Dog Chew”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,771 “Animal Chew ToyContaining Animal Meal”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,720 “Dog Chew withModifiable Texture”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,212 “Dog Chew with ModifiableTexture.” Attention is also directed to U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,474 entitled“Application for Patent for Nutriceutical Toy” and U.S. Pat. No.5,419,283 entitled “Animal Chew Toy of Starch Material and DegradableEthylene Copolymer”. These disclosures provide non-limiting examples ofstarch based molding compositions and molding methods.

SUMMARY

In a first exemplary embodiment, the present invention relates to amethod for providing a chew by direct injection molding of an edibleresin comprising introducing edible resin into an injection moldingmachine including a screw, wherein the edible resin contains between1-60% (wt) moisture. This may then be followed by directly injectionmolding the edible resin utilizing the screw wherein the screw includesa transition zone having a first length L1 and a feed zone having asecond length L2, wherein L1>0.5*L2 and forming the edible resin into ananimal chew wherein the formed edible resin exhibits a plurality ofvoids of about 1-100 μm in diameter.

In a second exemplary embodiment, the present invention relates to amethod for providing a pet chew by direct injection molding comprisingintroducing an edible resin and water into an injection molding machineincluding a screw, wherein the screw includes a first flight and asecond barrier flight. This may be followed by directly injectionmolding the edible resin wherein the edible resin and the water areplasticated with the screw and forming the edible resin into an animalchew, wherein the formed edible resin exhibits a plurality of voids ofabout 1-100 μm in diameter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Features and advantages of the present invention are set forth herein bydescription of embodiments consistent with the present invention, whichdescription should be considered in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of an injection molding machine.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary embodiment of a screw.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary embodiment of a portion of a screw including anadditional flight.

FIG. 4 is perspective view of an exemplary test specimen.

FIGS. 5 a and b illustrate the dimensions of the testing specimens.

FIG. 6 is a scanning electron image of a sample produced by theunmodified screw at 20× magnification and an accelerating voltage of 10keV.

FIG. 7 is a scanning electron image of a sample produced by theunmodified screw at 50× magnification and an accelerating voltage of 10keV.

FIG. 8 is a scanning electron image of a sample produced by theunmodified screw at 200× magnification and an accelerating voltage of 10keV.

FIG. 9 is a scanning electron image of a sample produced by theunmodified screw at 1000× magnification and an accelerating voltage of10 keV.

FIG. 10 is a scanning electron image of a sample produced by themodified screw at 20× magnification and an accelerating voltage of 10keV.

FIG. 11 is a scanning electron image of a sample produced by themodified screw at 50× magnification and an accelerating voltage of 10keV.

FIG. 12 is a scanning electron image of a sample produced by themodified screw at 200× magnification and an accelerating voltage of 10keV.

FIG. 13 is a scanning electron image of a sample produced by themodified screw at 1000× magnification and an accelerating voltage of 10keV.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to providing an animal chew exhibitingincreased ductility and less rigidity. In particular, the animal chewmay be provided utilizing a modified screw design in the directinjection molding of the animal chew resins. The modified screw designmay be provided to increase shear and melt mixing of the resin. Suchincrease in shear and melt mixing may therefore obviate the need tofirst extrude the starch into pellet form. The resin may be an edibleresin, such as starch and/or wheat gluten. The resin may be of acontrolled particle size, and may have a controlled level of moisture,so that the resin may be formed, upon exposure to one cycle of heat,into a desired shape. In addition, the resin may exhibit an elongationat break of at least 6% and a tensile modulus of less than 160 MPa.

The resin may have a particle size distribution wherein all or a portionof the particles are less than about 2.0 millimeters (mm), or 2000microns, including all ranges of particle size that may be below 2000microns. For example, the resin particle size may be less than about 500microns and any value or range between 500 microns and 1 micron,including less than 250 microns, less than 149 microns, less than 44microns, etc. In one embodiment, approximately greater than 95% of theparticles are less than 149 microns and approximately greater than 60%of the particles are less than 44 microns. In another embodiment,approximately greater than 97% of the particles are less than 250microns, and approximately greater than 75% of the particles are lessthan 149 microns. The resin may also have a bulk density of between30-50 lb/cubic foot, including all increments and values therebetweensuch as between 40-45 lb/cubic foot, 38-40 lb/cubic foot, 35-38 lb/cubicfoot, etc.

The resin may include any starch or carbohydrate of natural or vegetableorigin. The starch may include amylose and/or amylopectin and may beextracted from plants, including but not limited to potatoes, rice,tapioca, corn and cereals such as rye, wheat, and oats. The starch mayalso be extracted from fruits, nuts and rhizomes, or arrowroot, guargum, locust bean, arracacha, buckwheat, banana, barley, cassaya, konjac,kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, sweet potato, taro, yams, fava beans, lentilsand peas. The starch may be present in the resin composition betweenabout 30-99% including all increments and values therebetween such aslevels above about 50%, 85%, etc.

The starch employed herein may be raw starch, which may be understood asstarch that has not seen a prior thermal molding history, such asextrusion or other type of melt processing step where the resin isshaped in the presence of heat. The starch therefore may benon-crosslinked. The raw starch itself may also be native, which may beunderstood as unmodified starch recovered in the original form byextraction and not physically or chemically modified. The raw starch mayalso be in powder form of varying particle size, as described above,which may be understood as milled and/or pre-sifted. It should beunderstood that the raw starch may also have varying degrees of moisturepresent. In one embodiment moisture may be present in the raw starchbetween 1-60% (wt), including all increments and values therebetweensuch as 40%, 20%, 10%, etc. Accordingly, it should be appreciated thatthe term “direct” as used herein with respect to injection moldingrefers to the molding of resin (e.g. starch or gluten such as wheatgluten) without exposing the resin to prior thermal molding historiesbefore injection molding. For example, the resin herein is not moldedwith heat into a desired shape prior to being directly injection molded.However, the resin (e.g. starch) herein may, e.g., be heated for dryingpurposes, which would not amount to a prior thermal molding history.

The resin compositions herein may be sourced from Manildra Group USA,under the following tradenames: “GEMSTAR 100,” which is a refined foodgrade wheat starch; “GEMSTAR100+,” which is a refined food grade wheatstarch; “GEM OF THE WEST VITAL WHEAT GLUTEN,” which is a powder productproduced by low temperature drying of gluten extracted from wheat flour;“ORGANIC GEM OF THE WEST VITAL WHEAT GLUTEN,” which is a powder productproduced by low temperature drying of gluten extracted from organicwheat flour; “ORGANIC GEMSTAR 100,” which is a wheat starch extractedfrom organic wheat flour; and/or “ORGANIC GEMGEL 100,” which is apregelatinized organic wheat starch. In addition, the resin compositionmay be sourced from ADM under the trade names “EDIGEL 100,” which is awheat resin composition and “AYTEX P,” which is a unmodified food gradewheat starch.

Other resins may be contemplated as well. For example, the resin may bea thermoplastic or rubber material, such as nylon, polyurethane,polyesteramide, natural rubber, isoprene, neoprene, thermoplasticelastomers, etc. Other resin materials may be contemplated that may bederived from animal sources such as casein, denatured or hydrolyzedcasein, collagen, denatured or hydrolyzed collagen, rawhide, gelatin,other animal protein products, such as animal meal, etc. The resinmaterial may also be derived from plant matter such as gluten, vegetablematter, nuts, such as nut flour, paste or bits, fruit matter, etc.Gluten may be understood as water-insoluble protein complex extractedfrom cereal grains such as maize or corn and wheat. The gluten may bepresent at levels between about 5-95% (wt), including all values andincrements therein.

The resin may include cellulose. The cellulose may be, for example, along-chain polymer of polysaccharide carbohydrate. The cellulose mayalso be derived or extracted from plants. The cellulose may beincorporated into the resin composition between about 1-15% by weight ofthe resin composition and any increment or value therebetween including4%, 10%, 11%, etc.

Emulsifiers or surfactants may also be incorporated into the resincomposition. The emulsifier may be present between about 1-10% by weightof the resin composition and all increments or values therebetweenincluding 3%, 4%, etc. The emulsifier may include, for example,lecithin, which may be extracted or derived from, for example, egg yolkor soy beans.

The resin composition may also include a plasticizer. The plasticizermay include for example, glycerin. The plasticizer may be incorporatedbetween about 15-30% by weight, including all increments and valuestherebetween such as levels greater than 15%, 21%, 27% etc.

A humectant may also be incorporated into the resin composition. Thehumectant may include, for example, oat fiber. The humectant may beincorporated between about 0.1-5% by weight of the resin compositionincluding all intervals and values therebetween, including 1%, 25%, etc.A humectant may be understood to be any additive that may absorb waterin the material.

The resin composition may also include water. The water may beintroduced into the composition between about 1-40% by weight of theresin composition and any increment or value therebetween, including 4%,20-40%, 10-20%, etc. After the product has been formed, the water may bepresent between 1-20% by weight of the resin composition including allincrements or values therebetween, such as, below 20%, 4%, 5-10%, etc.

The resin composition may include a nutraceutical. The nutraceutical maybe fermented soya. Fermented soya nutraceuticals are available from BioFood, Ltd., Pine Brook, N.J. and sold under the general trade nameSoynatto®. The fermented soya is present between about 1-40% by weightof the resin composition, including all increments and valuestherebetween, including 10%, 20%, etc. The Soynatto® product is morespecifically described to contain the following as compared to otheravailable compositions:

Constituents* Made With Soy Soy Units per Foods* protein milk as Tofu,Nutrient 100 g IEFS Soynatto ® Tempeh Miso Paste isolate fluid regularProximates Protein g 37.00 37.00 18.54 11.81 80.69 2.75 8.08 Total lipidg 7.50 7.50 10.80 6.07 3.39 1.91 4.78 Carbohydrate g 40.00 40.00 9.3927.96 7.36 1.81 1.88 Fiber, total dietary g 12.02 12.02 5.40 5.60 1.300.30 Minerals Calcium mg 151.50 151.50 111.00 66.00 178.00 4.00 350.00Iron mg 5.21 5.21 2.70 2.74 14.50 0.58 5.36 Magnesium mg 191.25 191.2581.00 42.00 39.00 19.00 30.00 Phosphorus mg 608.25 608.25 266.00 153.00776.00 49.00 97.00 Potassium mg 1957.50 1957.50 412.00 164.00 81.00141.00 121.00 Sodium mg 18.30 18.30 9.00 3647.00 1005.00 12.00 7.00 Zincmg 3.84 3.84 1.14 3.32 4.03 0.23 0.80 Copper mg 3.93 3.93 0.56 0.44 1.600.12 0.19 Manganese mg 2.40 2.40 1.30 0.86 1.49 0.17 0.61 Selenium mcg27.98 27.98 0.02 1.60 0.80 1.30 8.90 Lithium mcg 60.00 60.00 tr tr tr trtr Molybdenum mcg 6.00 6.00 tr tr tr tr tr Nickel mcg 30.00 30.00 tr trtr tr tr Tin mcg 12.00 12.00 tr tr tr tr tr Lipids Fatty acids,saturated g 1.22 1.22 2.22 0.88 0.42 0.21 0.69 Fatty acids, g 1.70 1.703.00 1.34 0.65 0.33 1.06 monounsaturated Fatty acids, g 4.14 4.14 3.833.43 1.65 0.83 2.70 polyunsaturated Omega-6 Fatty Acid g 3.57 3.57 3.593.02 1.45 0.74 2.38 Omega-3 Fatty Acid g 0.55 0.55 0.22 0.41 0.20 0.100.32 Vitamins Thiamin mg 1.79 1.79 0.08 0.10 0.18 0.16 0.08 Riboflavinmg 1.04 1.04 0.36 0.25 0.10 0.07 0.05 Niacin mg 7.62 7.62 2.64 0.86 1.440.15 0.20 Pantothenic acid mg 2.34 2.34 0.28 0.26 0.06 0.05 0.07 VitaminB-6 mg 0.99 0.99 0.22 0.22 0.10 0.04 0.05 Folic mcg 532.50 532.50 23.9033.00 176.10 1.50 15.00 Vitamin A IU 30.00 30.00 0.00 87.00 0.00 32.0085.00 Vitamin E mg_ATE 0.15 0.15 tr 0.01 0.00 0.01 tr Biotin mg 0.020.02 tr tr tr tr tr Choline mg 60.00 60.00 tr tr tr tr tr Inositol mg72.00 72.00 tr tr tr tr tr PABA mg 6.00 6.00 tr tr tr tr tr SpecialNutrients Isoflavones mg 4000.00 200.00 43.52 42.55 97.43 9.65 23.61Glycogen g 1.10 1.10 tr tr tr tr tr Beta Glucans g 0.50 0.50 tr tr tr trtr Glutathione mg 60.00 60.00 tr tr tr tr tr SOD unit 1650.00 1650.00 trtr tr tr tr RNA/DNA g 1.05 1.05 An Empty Cell indicates a value isun-known; “tr” indicates a value is probably a trace or none.

As can be seen from the above, the Soynatto® product may provideproteins, minerals, and vitamins, in a fermented soy form. Thefermentation process may infuse the product with saccharomycescerevisiae, commonly known as “bakers yeast” or “brewers yeast.”Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more traditionally known to ferment sugarspresent in flour or dough, yielding carbon dioxide and alcohol.Accordingly, it should be appreciated that a protein, one or more of amineral, and one or more of a vitamin, along with saccharomycescerevisiae may be present in the resin composition.

The fermented soy product herein may include increased concentrations ofglycitein, daidzein and genistein, reportedly present at several hundredpercent more than other more common soyfood sources. Glycitein, daidzeinand genistein belong to the isoflavone class of flavanoids and may beclassified as phytoestrogen, since they are plant derived nonsteriodalcompounds that contain estrogen-like biological activity.

In the context of the present invention, the direct injection molding ofthe fermented soy product may offer advantages with respect to theactivity of the soy product in a final molded shape. Specifically, thedirect injection molding provides that the fermented soy product is notsubstantially degraded and the nutritional value of the fermented soyproduct remains substantially unchanged.

The resin composition may also include enzymes and/or co-enzymes whichare similarly available through Bio Foods, Ltd., Pine Brook, N.J. andsold under the trade name of BT-CoQ10®. This reportedly is abiologically transformed (fermented) cell mitochondrial coenzyme andcontains Coenzyme Q10, antioxidants, phytonutrients and cofactor mineralnutrients and other cell constituents. The enzymes and/or co-enzymes maybe present between 0.1-10% by weight of the resin composition, includingall increments and values therebetween such as 1%, 5%, etc.

Reportedly, the coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble compound primarilysynthesized by the body and also consumed in the diet and is requiredfor mitochondrial ATP synthesis. The fermented coenzyme also reportedlybelongs to the family of compounds known as ubiquinones, which areeither of two isomeric cyclic crystalline compounds C₆H₄O₂ that aredi-keto derivatives of dihydro-benzene. It may also function as anantioxidant in cell membranes and lipoproteins.

Other additives may be introduced into the composition as well. Theseadditives may include vegetable matter, fruit matter, rawhide, nuts, nutbits or nut flour such as peanut flour, and animal or fish products,by-products, meal or digests, etc. These additives may be presentindividually or cumulatively between about 0.1-50% by weight of theresin composition and all increments and values therebetween including0.1-5.0%, 15%, 25%, etc.

Additionally, flavorants, herbs, herbal extracts, vitamins, minerals,colorants, yeast products, soy products, attractants, etc., may beincorporated into the resin composition. Yeast products may includenutritional yeast or brewers yeast such as saccharomyces cerevisiae,dairy yeast such as kluyveromyce marxianus or wine yeast such assaccharomyces fermentati. The soy products may include fermented soy orother soy products, as listed in the table above. Attractants mayinclude compounds listed herein, such as the animal or fish digests, orother compounds that may increase an animal's interest in the resincomposition. These additives may be present individually or cumulativelybetween about 0.01-25% by weight of the resin composition and anyincrement or value therebetween including 0.01-0.5%, 10%, 20%, etc. Thecomposition may also include calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonatemay be present between about 5-10% by weight.

It should be appreciated, however, that the resins contemplated hereinmay consist essentially of the base resin, i.e. starch, wheat gluten,rawhide, etc., and water. Sufficient plastication may be experienced bythe resin which may minimize the effect of processing enhancingadditives, such as plasticizers, humectants, or emulsifiers, etc. Inparticular, the use of the modified screw discussed herein may generallylead to a more uniformly plasticated material.

The additives of the resin composition may be introduced directly intothe barrel of an injection molding machine 100, illustrated in FIG. 1,through a hopper or other feeding device 102. Various feeding devicesfor introducing the additives into the injection molding barrel may becontemplated including loss-in weight gravimetric blenders/feeders,auger feeders, venturi loaders, etc. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that an injection molding machine 100 typically contains abarrel 104 including a feed section 106, a screw 108 and an outputnozzle 110. The barrel 104 may include a plurality of temperaturecontrol zones 112, 114, 116, 118 in the barrel extending from the feedsection 106 section to the nozzle 110. The injection molding machine mayinclude a mold 120 having one or more cavities 122. The molding machinemay also be vented, including a vented barrel and/or a vented mold.

The temperature adjustment may vary for each zone. For example, in oneexemplary embodiment, the molding machine barrel may include 4 zones,zone 1 112 being the closest to the feed section 106 and zone 4 118being the closest to the nozzle 110. Zone 1 112 may be set to less thanabout 150 degrees F., including any increment or value between about 35to 150 degrees F. including between about 46 to 150 degrees F., 46 to 70degrees F., etc. Similarly zone 2 114 may be set between about 70 to 150degrees F. including any increment or value therebetween, zone 3 116between about 50 to 300 degrees F. including any increment or valuetherebetween, and zone 4 118 between about 200 to 375 degrees F.including any increment or value therebetween. The nozzle 110 may be setbetween about 250 to 390 degrees F. including any increment or valuetherebetween. The bushing 124 inside of the mold 120 may be set betweenabout 250 to 425 degrees F. including any increment or valuetherebetween and the mold 120 may also be set between about 35 to 65degrees F. including any increment or value therebetween.

Once introduced into the barrel 104 of the molding machine 100 the resinand additives may be blended as the screw 108 conveys the materialtowards the mold 120 where the resin composition may be formed. The mold120 may cool the resin composition. Once molded and venting takes place,the resin composition may include water between about 1-20% by weight ofthe resin composition, including all increments and values therebetweensuch as 10%, 15%, etc. The resin composition may be molded into any formcapable of being produced in an injection molding cavity.

The design of the screw 108 may also be varied or modified to providegreater thermal and/or mechanical interaction with the resincomposition. In particular, the screw may impart increased shear stresson the material. It should be appreciated that as referred to herein, anunmodified screw may include what is termed a general purpose screwdesign. As illustrated in FIG. 2 a a modified screw 108 may include anumber of zones which extend along the length L of the screw. Forexample, the screw may include a feed zone 210, a transition zone 212and a metering zone 214. The feed zone 210 may be proximate to thehopper or other feeding device 102 in the barrel 104 and the meteringzone may be proximate to the nozzle 110. The feed zone therefore mayfunction to convey solid material away from the feed section 106.

The length of the feed zone 210, the transition zone 212 and themetering zone 214 may be adjusted while maintaining the overall length Lof the screw at the same size. The length of the feed zone 210 may bedecreased and the length of the transition zone and/or the metering zone212, 214 may be increased. The screw therefore may include a transitionzone having a first length L1 and a feed zone having a second length L2,wherein L1>f*L2. The metering zone may similarly have a length L3wherein L3>f*L2. In the previous equations, the value of “f” may be 0.5and greater, such 0.6, 0.7 up to 10.0, including all incremental valuestherebetween.

Solids conveying in the screw may be improved by increasing the surfaceroughness of the internal barrel surface or the root surface of thescrew. The increased roughness may cause an increase in the coefficientof friction between the resin composition and the barrel wall.Increasing the roughness may be accomplished by coating the surface ofthe screw and/or barrel wall. The surface roughness may have an Ra valueof greater than about 5 micro-inches, including all ranges andincrements above such as 9, 30, 42 etc. The variable “Ra” is anarithmetic mean and represents the average of all peaks and valleys.Lower numbers indicate a smoother finish.

The modified screw 108 may also include one or more flights 216 wrappinghelically around the axis α of the screw (shown in phantom) extendingfrom the feed zone 210 to the metering zone 214. The flight 216 maydefine a plurality of channels 218. Referring to FIG. 2 b, the screw 108includes an outer diameter OD, defined by the surface of the flight anda root diameter RD defined by the channels forming the root of thescrew. The channel depth CD is the distance between the top of a flightto the screw root. Either the outer diameter or the inner diameter mayvary along the length of the screw. Stated another way, there may be aconsistent reduction or increase in either the outer diameter OD or theroot diameter RD of the screw. Alternatively, there may be randomreductions and increases in either the outer diameter OD or rootdiameter RD along the screw length for purposes such as venting.

The modified screw may have a flighted length to diameter ratio ofbetween 10:1 to 40:1. The flighted length of the screw FL is a generalreference to the length of the screw incorporating a flight (orflights), illustrated in FIG. 2 a. The diameter refers to the outerdiameter of the screw OD (referring back to FIG. 2 b). The flight mayalso have a helix angle φ of approximately 15.0-20.0 degrees,illustrated in FIG. 2 b.

The compression ratio of the screw may also be increased. Thecompression ratio is a reference to the difference in channel depthbetween the feed zone and metering zone of the screw. In one embodiment,the compression ratio may be greater than about 2:1, including allincrements and values above such as 3.5:1, 4:1 etc.

Furthermore, the modified screw may include barrier flights and othermixing heads or flights. A barrier zone 310 is a reference herein to aportion of the screw having more than one flight, such as a main flight312 and a barrier flight 314, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The main flightand the barrier flight may wrap around the screw concurrently.

The barrier flight may have a varying pitch P or the pitch may besimilar to the main flight. Pitch P is a general reference to the axialdistance between two points on the flight separated by a full turn ofthe screw. For example, the pitch P_(b) of the barrier flight may begreater than the pitch of the main flight P_(m), wherein P_(b)>d*P_(m),where d is greater than or about 1.01, including any increment or valueabove, such as 1.1, 1.5 etc.

The barrier flight may be undercut and have a smaller outer diameterOD_(b) than the main flight allowing polymer melt to pass from onechannel to the other. The solids may not pass over the flight until theyare small enough or have been completely melted. For example, thebarrier flight OD_(b) may be less than the diameter of the main flightOD. Accordingly, the OD_(b) may be equal to x*OD wherein x is 0.5-0.99.Furthermore, the OD_(b) may be equal to the OD of the main flight.

The channel depth CD of the barrier flight may also be the same as themain flight or may differ from the main flight. For example, the channeldepth of the barrier flight may be greater than the channel depth of themain flight or the channel depth may increase or decrease along thelength of the screw. The barrier zone may extend the entire flightedlength (FL illustrated in FIG. 2) of the screw or may extend along aportion of the screw, such as along the length of one or two of thezones, or along only a portion of a single zone.

Mixing heads, zones or flights may include dispersive mixing elementsand distributive mixing elements. Dispersive mixing elements may be usedto decrease agglomerates or gels. The mixing element may be fluted orsplined. The splines or flutes may be arranged parallel, perpendicularor at an angle to the longitudinal screw axis α. The element may also bein the form of a blister ring.

Distributive mixing elements may be used to disrupt the velocityprofiles of the material in the barrel. Pins of various sizes andgeometries or small lands may be arranged radially about the axis of thescrew including pin mixing sections or pineapple mixing sections.Slotted channels or narrow channels may also be employed or a cavitytransfer mixing section. These elements may be used alone or incombination to provide adequate mixing of the polymer composition priorto exiting the barrel and entering the mold.

The resulting resin composition and chew product produced by themodified screw may exhibit greater ductility and a lower modulus thanthe composition produced by the unmodified screw. Ductility may beunderstood as the amount of strain that a material can withstand beforefracture. Thus the greater the ductility, the higher the amount ofstrain the material can withstand prior to fracture. Strain may beunderstood as the per unit change, due to force, in the size or shape ofa body in reference to its original size and shape. Accordingly, theresulting chew composition produced with the modified screw may have abreak strain, or an elongation at break of greater than 6%. It may alsohave a value between about 6-25% including all ranges and incrementstherein, such as 10%, 18%, etc.

Modulus may be understood as the ratio of stress to strain in a materialthat is elastically deformed. Accordingly, the higher the modulus, themore rigid the material is. The resulting chew composition produced withthe modified screw may have a tensile modulus less than 160 MPa. Thetensile modulus may also fall in the range of 50-160 MPa including allvalues and ranges therein, such as 150 MPa, etc.

In addition, the resin may exhibit voids and may be relatively devoid ofcrack discontinuities greater than about 100 μm in length. The voids maypossess an aspect ratio, i.e. the ratio between the length “L” and width“W” of a void (L:W), between about 1:1 to about 10:1. In addition, theresin may appear less granular in nature than resin formed or producedby an unmodified screw, or a general purpose screw.

EXAMPLES

The examples provided herein are merely for illustrative purposes onlyand are not meant to be construed as limiting the scope of the presentlydescribed and claimed invention.

To determine the difference between the compositions provided by directinjection molding using the modified and unmodified screws a series oftensile tests and scanning electron microscope observations were made onsamples produced via both the modified and unmodified screws. Thesamples were formed of about 63-65% by weight wheat starch, about 6-10%by weight cellulose, approximately 2-4% by weight lecithin, about 24-27%by weight glycerin, flavorants and colorants.

FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary test specimen.FIGS. 5 a and 5 b illustrate the dimensions of the test specimens 10.The specimens had a neck width, NW, a neck thickness, NT, an overalllength, L, and a shoulder diameter S. The averages and standarddeviations of which are included in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Sample Dimensions Modified Screw Unmodified Screw Neck Width(mm) NW  6.71 +/− 0.12  6.48 +/− 0.07 Neck Thickness (mm) NT  7.32 +/−0.06  7.32 +/− 0.21 Length (mm) NL 49.54 +/− 1.17 49.27 +/− 0.49Shoulder (mm) S 10.32 +/− 0.28 10.18 +/− 0.51

The samples were tensile tested in accordance with a modified version ofASTM D638 due to sample geometry. The crosshead speed of the testingmachine was 2 in/min. The grip distance on the samples was 25.4 mm. Theresults of the tensile testing are illustrated in Table 2. It should benoted that all of the samples broke at the neck.

TABLE 2 Tensile Testing Results Modified Screw Unmodified Screw Modulus(MPa) 114 ⁺/⁻ 38  187 ⁺/⁻ 18  Break Stress (MPa) 2.8 ⁺/⁻ 1.2 4.7 ⁺/⁻ 0.3Elongation at Break (%) 14.27 ⁺/⁻ 3.52  5.73 ⁺/⁻ 0.13

As can be seen from the above, the samples produced using the modifiedscrew had an elongation at break that is greater than the elongation atbreak of the samples produced on the unmodified screw by a factor ofapproximately 2.5. In addition, the samples produced on the unmodifiedscrew had higher modulus and break stress values by a factor of about1.6 in both cases. It should be noted however that the samples producedon the unmodified screw did not yield, where as the samples on themodified screw demonstrated a yield point, wherein the yield stress was4.8⁺/⁻ 0.7 MPa and the elongation at yield was approximately 9.66%⁺/⁻2.33.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the specimens were alsotaken of the samples produced on the modified and unmodified screws. Thesamples were cut and tested at an accelerating voltage of 10 keV atmagnifications of 20×, 50×, 200×, and 1000×. FIGS. 6-9 illustrate theSEM images for the samples produced using the unmodified screw at 20×,50× 200×, and 1000× respectively. FIGS. 10-13 illustrate the SEM imagesfor the samples produced using the modified screw at 20×, 50× 200×, and1000× respectively.

FIG. 6, a cross-flow direction SEM image of the resin produced by theunmodified screw at 20× magnification, illustrates a large number ofrelatively large scale crack discontinuities “a” which are presentthroughout the sample thickness. Cross-flow direction may be understoodherein as a direction perpendicular to the flow of the polymer materialduring formation of the sample. As can be seen from the picture, thediscontinuities may be as large as 100 μm and greater than 500 μm. Onthe other hand, relatively few voids, if any, have been formed in thesample.

FIG. 7 illustrates a close-up view of a portion of the sample of resinproduced by the unmodified screw at 50× magnification. As can be seenfrom this view, the aspect ratio (length to width ratio) of therelatively large scale cracks “a” appears to be larger than 50:1. Alsoillustrated in FIG. 7, as well as FIG. 8, which is a SEM of a sample ofresin produced by the unmodified screw at 200× magnification, is therelatively grainy texture of the sample.

FIG. 9 illustrates a SEM image of the sample of resin produced by theunmodified screw at 1000× magnification. As can be seen from this view,some short scale or micron size cracking “b” is present. The cracksappear to have an aspect ratio of around 10:1.

Without being bound to any particular theory, it appears that thesamples produced with the unmodified screw may generally becharacterized as crazing throughout the thickness of the sample, whichmay be due to lack a lack of plastication during processing.Accordingly, during forming or cooling, the resin may separate into anumber of layers through its thickness leading to relatively large scaleand micron cracking.

FIG. 10 illustrates a SEM image of a cross-flow direction view of asample of resin produced by a modified screw at 20× magnification.Unlike the sample produced with the unmodified screw, this sampleillustrates a number of voids “c” across the surface of the material.Furthermore, significantly less crack discontinuities of greater thanabout 100 μm are present.

FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-flow direction view of a sample at 50×magnification. The texture of the sample appears to be relatively lessgrainy than the sample produced by the unmodified screw. FIGS. 12 and 13illustrate the voids at higher magnifications, 200× and 1000×respectively. As can be seen, it appears that the voids have an aspectratio (length to width ratio) in the range of about 1:1 to 10:1,including all values and increments therein e.g. 1.5:1, 2:1, etc.

Once again, while not being bound to any particular theory, the samplesproduced with the modified screw did not exhibit the crackdiscontinuities and graininess seen in the samples produced by theunmodified screw. In addition, it appears that the resin formed a numberof voids across the diameter/thickness of the sample. This may indicatethat the resin may have experienced relatively higher degrees ofplastication.

The foregoing description is provided to illustrate and explain thepresent invention. However, the description hereinabove should not beconsidered to limit the scope of the invention set forth in the claimsappended here to.

1. A method for providing a chew by injection molding of edible resincomprising: introducing ingredients of a composition directly into aninjection molding barrel of an injection molding machine, wherein saidbarrel houses a single screw comprising a single screw having a flighthaving a helix angle, said screw comprising a transition zone having afirst length L1 and a feed zone having a second length L2, whereinL1>0.5*L2 and a helix angle between about 15 and 20 degrees extendingfrom said feed zone through said transition zone; wherein saidingredients comprise: raw starch in an amount ranging from 30-99% byweight, wherein said raw starch: comprises unmodified starch recoveredby extraction and which has not been physically or chemically altered;has not seen a prior thermal molding history including extrusion and anytype of melt processing step; has a particle size ranging from 1 micronto 500 microns; and contains between 1 to 60 weight % moisture; mixingsaid ingredients in said barrel, thereby producing said composition insaid injection molding barrel; and providing a mold having at least onecavity to form the chew in open communication with said composition insaid injection molding barrel; conveying said composition with saidscrew from said injection molding barrel into said at least one cavityof said mold; and forming said composition into a formed raw starchanimal chew in said mold, wherein said formed raw starch animal chewexhibits a plurality of voids of about 1-100 μ in diameter length andhas an elongation at break of greater than 6% and a tensile modulus ofless than 160 MPa.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said voids have anaspect ratio (L:W) in the range of about 1:1 to 10:1.
 3. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said formed raw starch animal chew is substantiallydevoid of crack discontinuities of greater than about 100 μm.
 4. Themethod of claim 1 wherein said single screw further comprises a meteringzone having a third length L3, wherein L3>0.5*L2.
 5. The method of claim4 wherein said feed zone has a first channel depth CD1 and said meteringzone has a second channel depth CD2, wherein CD1>2.0*CD2.